【Dr.Risk專欄】風險的進展
我們對風險概念的理解，從中世紀末發源開始到今日，有一段很長期的進展，其進展過程可以分為四個主要的階段： 1. 風險是存在於自然界中客觀存在的危險。源自中世紀末的這個風險觀念類似有害事 物的概念， 包含天災、飢荒、地震、颶風、瘟疫等。 2. 風險是一個意外，在尋求經濟發展過程中是不可避免的。這個源自工業流程之風險 構想包含了危險與有害事物，在19世紀時獲得快速進展，並且將人為錯誤視為引起 損失與傷害的原因。 3. 風險是一種源自於人類關係的社會現象。到了19 世紀末，風險被視為既非一種外 部現象、亦非作業失誤的結果，而被認為是源自人類有意或無意下所決定的社會建 構與政治負擔，這種風險很難合理且精確地以機率、後果、補償、以及負擔來定義。 風險被視為人類整體生活的一部分：在個人、組織、或社會型塑了威脅與機會的風險 情景時，圍繞在我們身邊的多重不確定性。 4. 風險是一個全球性的「大型挑戰」。時至今日，風險的概念包含了會影響全體人類的 巨型風險， 危害環境的永續發展、甚至危及我們的存在。巨型風險包括氣候變遷、重 要基礎設施崩解等， 其關鍵特徵之一是，巨型
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